[Qualitative study on food perceptions, dietary practices and healthy lifestyles in the adolescent population.] / Estudio cualitativo sobre las percepciones en alimentación, prácticas alimentarias y hábitos de vida saludables en población adolescente.

OBJECTIVE: Child and adolescent obesity is a biggest public health challenge. Adolescence is a critical stage for growth and development. The objective of the research was to explore and understand the perceptions of the adolescent population about eating and healthy lifestyle habits, and the identification of barriers and facilitators. METHODS: A multicenter qualitative research was made, in schoolchildren from twelve to fourteen years old, from four Secondary Schools, distributed in four municipalities. During the first quarter of the 2021-2022 school year, ten Discussion Groups were conducted, with 7-11 participants per group, and two ninety-minute work sessions per group. The proceedings were followed by two deliberative sessions. The Atlas.ti version 8 software was used for data content analysis, following the methodological recommendations of Mayring and Cáceres, and the open coding technique was used. RESULTS: A relationship was observed between the foods most consumed in the family home and the ones that teenagers liked most. Also the extracurricular sports activity was highlighted as the main source of physical activity as well as the connection between mental health and healthy practices, and the emphasis about the variety of foods, the importance given to sustainability and the relationship of an unhealthy diet with excess intake of sugar, sweets, soft drinks, fast food and fats. The family was revealed as one of the most influential factors, followed by professionals, the media and high schools. Among the perceived barriers were the socioeconomic level, lack of time, food supply in canteens and social pressure. CONCLUSIONS: The main barriers and motivations linked to the food environment, socioeconomic level, body image and emotional well-being are identified. Adolescents express interest in participating in public policies.

OBJETIVO: La obesidad infanto-juvenil supone un verdadero reto de Salud Pública. La adolescencia es una etapa crítica para el crecimiento y el desarrollo. El objetivo del estudio fue explorar y comprender las percepciones de la población adolescente sobre alimentación y hábitos de vida saludables, así como la identificación de barreras y elementos facilitadores. METODOS: Se realizó un estudio cualitativo multicéntrico, en escolares de doce a catorce años, de cuatro Institutos de Educación Secundaria, distribuidos en cuatro municipios. Durante el primer trimestre del curso escolar 2021-2022 se realizaron diez grupos de discusión, con siete-once participantes por grupo, y dos sesiones de trabajo de noventa minutos de duración, por grupo. Fueron seguidos de dos sesiones deliberativas. Para el análisis del contenido de los datos se utilizó el software Atlas.ti versión 8, siguiendo las recomendaciones metodológicas de Mayring y Cáceres, y se empleó la técnica de codificación abierta. RESULTADOS: Se observó una relación entre los alimentos más consumidos en la vivienda familiar y los que más les gustaban, destacó la actividad extracurricular deportiva como la principal fuente de actividad física y la conexión entre la salud mental y las prácticas saludables, así como el énfasis que pusieron en la variedad de alimentos, la importancia concedida a la sostenibilidad y la relación de una alimentación no saludable con el exceso de azúcar, chucherías, refrescos, comida rápida y grasas. La familia se presentó como uno de los factores más influyentes, seguido de los profesionales, los medios de comunicación y el instituto. Entre las barreras percibidas destacaron: nivel socioeconómico, falta de tiempo, oferta de la cafetería del instituto y presión social. CONCLUSIONES: Se identifican las principales barreras y elementos facilitadores vinculados al entorno alimentario, nivel socioeconómico, imagen corporal y bienestar emocional. Los adolescentes expresan interés en participar en políticas públicas.

Situación ponderal de la población escolar de 6 a 9 años en España: resultados del estudio ALADINO 2019 / Weight status in the 6- to 9-year-old school population in Spain: results of the ALADINO 2019 Study

Introducción: la obesidad infantil es un problema de salud pública cuya prevalencia no ha dejado de crecer en las últimas décadas. Objetivo: describir la situación ponderal de los escolares de 6 a 9 años en España en 2019, y sus factores asociados. Métodos: ALADINO es un estudio transversal en escolares de 6 a 9 años, representativo de la población española, aplicando la metodología de la Child Obesity Surveillance Initative de la Oficina Regional para Europa de la OMS. Se midieron el peso, la talla y el perímetro abdominal de los participantes, definiendo la situación ponderal según diferentes estándares (OMS, IOTF y Orbegozo). Se pasó a los progenitores un cuestionario sobre estilo de vida y características sociodemográficas. Resultados: se midieron 16.665 escolares de 276 colegios. El 40,6 % presentaban exceso de peso -23,3 % sobrepeso y 17,3 % obesidad- , siendo la obesidad más prevalente en los niños y el sobrepeso en las niñas, y aumentando ambos con la edad. La prevalencia de la obesidad abdominal era del 22,6 %. El exceso de peso disminuyó 3,9 puntos porcentuales desde 2011, principalmente el sobrepeso de los niños. La obesidad permaneció estable. El exceso de peso fue más prevalente en los escolares con hábitos menos saludables de alimentación y actividad física, y en las familias con menor nivel socioeconómico. Conclusiones: la prevalencia del exceso de peso es elevada, aunque ha descendido desde 2011 y permanece estable desde 2015 entre los escolares de 6 a 9 años en España, debiéndose esta reducción fundamentalmente al descenso del sobrepeso en los niños. Es necesario seguir fomentando hábitos saludables desde las etapas más tempranas, reduciendo las desigualdades en salud. (AU)

Introduction: childhood obesity is a public health problem whose prevalence has grown steadily in recent decades. Objective: to describe the weight status of schoolchildren aged 6 to 9 years in Spain in 2019, and their associated factors. Methods: ALADINO is a cross-sectional study in schoolchildren aged 6 to 9 years, representative of the Spanish population, and aligned with the Child Obesity Surveillance Initative of the WHO Regional Office for Europe. Participants’ weight, height, and abdominal circumference were measured, defining weight status according to different standards (WHO, IOTF, and Orbegozo). A questionnaire on lifestyle and socio-demographic characteristics was administered to parents. Results: a total of 16,665 schoolchildren from 276 schools were measured. Excess weight was observed in 40.6 %: 23.3 % overweight and 17.3 % obesity, with obesity being more prevalent in boys and overweight in girls, both increasing with age. The prevalence of abdominal obesity was 22.6 %. Excess weight decreased by 3.9 percentage points since 2011, mainly due to overweight in boys. Obesity remained stable. Excess weight was more prevalent in schoolchildren with less healthy eating and physical activity habits, and in families with a lower socioeconomic status. Conclusions: the prevalence of excess weight is high, although it has declined since 2011 and remains stable since 2015 among schoolchildren aged 6-9 years in Spain, this reduction being mainly due to a decrease in overweight in children. It is necessary to continue promoting healthy habits from the earliest stages of life, thus reducing health inequalities. (AU)

[Weight status in the 6- to 9-year-old school population in Spain: results of the ALADINO 2019 Study]. / Situación ponderal de la población escolar de 6 a 9 años en España: resultados del estudio ALADINO 2019.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: childhood obesity is a public health problem whose prevalence has grown steadily in recent decades. Objective: to describe the weight status of schoolchildren aged 6 to 9 years in Spain in 2019, and their associated factors. Methods: ALADINO is a cross-sectional study in schoolchildren aged 6 to 9 years, representative of the Spanish population, and aligned with the Child Obesity Surveillance Initative of the WHO Regional Office for Europe. Participants' weight, height, and abdominal circumference were measured, defining weight status according to different standards (WHO, IOTF, and Orbegozo). A questionnaire on lifestyle and socio-demographic characteristics was administered to parents. Results: a total of 16,665 schoolchildren from 276 schools were measured. Excess weight was observed in 40.6 %: 23.3 % overweight and 17.3 % obesity, with obesity being more prevalent in boys and overweight in girls, both increasing with age. The prevalence of abdominal obesity was 22.6 %. Excess weight decreased by 3.9 percentage points since 2011, mainly due to overweight in boys. Obesity remained stable. Excess weight was more prevalent in schoolchildren with less healthy eating and physical activity habits, and in families with a lower socioeconomic status. Conclusions: the prevalence of excess weight is high, although it has declined since 2011 and remains stable since 2015 among schoolchildren aged 6-9 years in Spain, this reduction being mainly due to a decrease in overweight in children. It is necessary to continue promoting healthy habits from the earliest stages of life, thus reducing health inequalities.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: la obesidad infantil es un problema de salud pública cuya prevalencia no ha dejado de crecer en las últimas décadas. Objetivo: describir la situación ponderal de los escolares de 6 a 9 años en España en 2019, y sus factores asociados. Métodos: ALADINO es un estudio transversal en escolares de 6 a 9 años, representativo de la población española, aplicando la metodología de la Child Obesity Surveillance Initative de la Oficina Regional para Europa de la OMS. Se midieron el peso, la talla y el perímetro abdominal de los participantes, definiendo la situación ponderal según diferentes estándares (OMS, IOTF y Orbegozo). Se pasó a los progenitores un cuestionario sobre estilo de vida y características sociodemográficas. Resultados: se midieron 16.665 escolares de 276 colegios. El 40,6 % presentaban exceso de peso ­23,3 % sobrepeso y 17,3 % obesidad­, siendo la obesidad más prevalente en los niños y el sobrepeso en las niñas, y aumentando ambos con la edad. La prevalencia de la obesidad abdominal era del 22,6 %. El exceso de peso disminuyó 3,9 puntos porcentuales desde 2011, principalmente el sobrepeso de los niños. La obesidad permaneció estable. El exceso de peso fue más prevalente en los escolares con hábitos menos saludables de alimentación y actividad física, y en las familias con menor nivel socioeconómico. Conclusiones: la prevalencia del exceso de peso es elevada, aunque ha descendido desde 2011 y permanece estable desde 2015 entre los escolares de 6 a 9 años en España, debiéndose esta reducción fundamentalmente al descenso del sobrepeso en los niños. Es necesario seguir fomentando hábitos saludables desde las etapas más tempranas, reduciendo las desigualdades en salud.

Weight status in the 6 to 9 year-old school population in Spain: Results of the ALADINO 2015 study.

INTRODUCTION: Overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence has grown alarmingly in the last twenty years or so in many countries of Europe, including Spain. This study presents the prevalences of overweight and obesity in 6-9 year-old schoolchildren in 2015, and their associated characteristics. METHODOLOGY: ALADINO (Its initials in Spanish for Diet, physical activity, child development and obesity) is a cross-sectional study of a representative sample of 6-9 year-old schoolchildren in Spain, in line with the Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI) of the World Health Organisation (WHO). The height and weight of the participants, defining the weight status according to WHO standards, and a questionnaire was given to the parents on lifestyle and sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS: Anthropometric measurements were taken on 10,899 schoolchildren for 168 primary education centres. Excess weight was observed in 41.3% (95% CI: 40.0-42.6), overweight in 23.2% (95% CI: 22.1-24.3) and obesity in 18.1% (95% CI: 17.2-19.1), with obesity being more prevalent in boys, overweight in girls. The prevalence of abdominal obesity was 23.2% (95% CI: 21.8-24.6). The prevalence of overweight and obesity increased with age. Excess weight decreased by 3.2% compared to 2011, mainly due to the decrease in overweight in boys, while that of obesity remained stable. Excess weight was more prevalent in schoolchildren from families with a lower socioeconomic level. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of excess weight in 6-9 year-old schoolchildren in Spain has decreased by 3.2% since 2011, due to the decrease in overweight, whilst obesity remained stable. Action must be taken in the obesogenic environment, by promoting healthy eating habits and physical activity, bearing in mind the inequalities in health.

Situación ponderal de la población escolar de 6 a 9 años en España: resultados del estudio ALADINO 2015 / Weight status in the 6 to 9 year-old school population in Spain: Results of the ALADINO 2015 Study

Introducción: El sobrepeso y la obesidad en la infancia y en la adolescencia han crecido alarmantemente en las últimas décadas en muchos países de Europa, incluido España. Este estudio presenta las prevalencias de sobrepeso y obesidad en escolares de 6 a 9 años en 2015 y sus características asociadas. Metodología: ALADINO es un estudio transversal de una muestra representativa de escolares de 6 a 9 años en España, alineado con la iniciativa COSI de la OMS. Se talló y pesó a los participantes, definiendo la situación ponderal según los estándares de la OMS, y se pasó un cuestionario a los progenitores sobre el estilo de vida y las características sociodemográficas. Resultados: Se tomaron medidas antropométricas a 10.899 escolares de 168 centros de educación primaria. El 41,3% (IC 95%: 40,0-42,6) presentaba exceso de peso, el 23,2% sobrepeso (IC 95%: 22,1-24,3) y el 18,1% obesidad (IC 95%: 17,2-19,1), siendo la obesidad más prevalente en niños y el sobrepeso en niñas. La prevalencia de obesidad abdominal era del 23,2% (IC 95%: 21,8-24,6). La prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad aumentaba con la edad. El exceso de peso disminuyó un 3,2% respecto a 2011, principalmente por la disminución del sobrepeso en niños, mientras que la obesidad permaneció estable. El exceso de peso era más prevalente en los escolares de familias con menor nivel socioeconómico. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de exceso de peso entre los escolares de 6 a 9 años en España ha disminuido un 3,2% desde 2011 por la disminución del sobrepeso, mientras que la obesidad permanece estable. Se debe intervenir en el entorno obesogénico, promocionando hábitos alimentarios saludables y la actividad física, incidiendo en las desigualdades en salud. (AU)

Introduction: Overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence has grown alarmingly in the last twenty years or so in many countries of Europe, including Spain. This study presents the prevalences of overweight and obesity in 6 to 9 year-old schoolchildren in 2015, and their associated characteristics. Methodology: ALADINO (Its initials in Spanish for Diet, physical activity, child development and obesity) is a cross-sectional study of a representative sample of 6 to 9 year-old schoolchildren in Spain, in line with the Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI) of the World Health Organisation (WHO). The height and weight of the participants, defining the weight status according to WHO standards, and a questionnaire was given to the parents on lifestyle and sociodemographic characteristics. Results: Anthropometric measurements were taken on 10,899 schoolchildren for 168 primary education centres. Excess weight was observed in 41.3% (95% CI: 40.0-42.6), overweight in 23.2% (95% CI: 22.1-24.3) and obesity in 18.1% (95% CI: 17.2-19.1), with obesity being more prevalent in boys, overweight in girls. The prevalence of abdominal obesity was 23.2% (95% CI: 21.8-24.6). The prevalence of overweight and obesity increased with age. Excess weight decreased by 3.2% compared to 2011, mainly due to the decrease in overweight in boys, while that of obesity remained stable. Excess weight was more prevalent in schoolchildren from families with a lower socioeconomic level. Conclusions: The prevalence of excess weight in 6 to 9 year-old schoolchildren in Spain has decreased by 3.2% since 2011, due to the decrease in overweight, whilst obesity remained stable. Action must be taken in the obesogenic environment, by promoting healthy eating habits and physical activity, bearing in mind the inequalities in health. (AU)

The relationship between hours of sleep, screen time and frequency of food and drink consumption in Spain in the 2011 and 2013 ALADINO: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The frequency of intake of food and beverages depends on a number of ill-defined behaviour patterns. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of screen time and sleep duration on food consumption frequency, and to describe frequencies and types of food consumption according to BMI category and parents' level of education. METHODS: We studied 6287 and 2806 children drawn from the 2011 and 2013 cross-sectional ALADINO studies respectively. Data were collected on number of hours of sleep, screen time, and weekly frequency of consumption of 17 food groups. Weight status was measured, and information was also collected on parents' educational level. Average food consumption frequencies were calculated by reference to hours of sleep and hours of screen time, and were defined as ≥4 times or <4 times per week (once per week for soft drinks and diet soft drinks). Differences in frequency were evaluated for screen times of more and less than 2 h per day, and for sleep durations longer or shorter than the daily average. We fitted logistic regression models to evaluate the independent association between screen exposure and hours of sleep on the one hand, and food consumption frequency on the other. RESULTS: Consumption of fruit and vegetables was lower among children who had parents with no formal or only primary school education. High levels of screen time were associated with a greater frequency of consumption of energy-dense, micronutrient-poor products and a lower frequency of consumption of fruit and vegetables. Sleeping a sufficient number of hours was associated with a higher consumption of fruit and vegetables. The results for 2011 were concordant with those for 2013. CONCLUSIONS: If efforts to ensure healthier eating habits among children are to be at all successful, they should focus on promoting a sufficient amount of sleep for children, limiting the time they spend watching television and/or playing with computers or video games, and educating parents accordingly.

Trans-fatty acid content of food products in Spain in 2015 / Contenido de ácidos grasos trans en los alimentos en España en 2015

Objective: To ascertain the content of trans-fatty acids (TFA) in food products in Spain in 2015 and assess trends in TFA content since 2010. Methods: We analysed the fat content of 277 food products purchased in Spanish supermarkets in 2015 and calculated both the total fat and TFA content and the proportion of TFA to total fats. The results obtained in 2015 were compared to those yielded by a similar study in 2010. Results: In 2015, the majority of food products studied had a TFA content of less than 0.2g/100g product, and a TFA/total fat ratio of less than 2%. No significant increases were found compared to 2010. Food groups with a higher TFA content were dairy products of possible natural origin. Conclusions: TFA content in Spain is low and has significantly fallen since 2010 (AU)

Objetivo: Conocer el contenido de ácidos grasos trans en los alimentos en España en 2015 y evaluar la tendencia desde 2010. Métodos: Se analizó la composición grasa de 277 alimentos adquiridos en supermercados en España en 2015. Se calcularon el contenido en ácidos grasos trans y en grasas totales, y el porcentaje de ácidos grasos trans respecto de la grasa total. Se compararon los resultados con los de un estudio similar realizado en 2010. Resultados: En 2015 la mayoría de los alimentos estudiados tenían menos de 0,2g de ácidos grasostrans por 100g de producto, y menos del 2% de ácidos grasos trans respecto a las grasas totales. No se hallaron aumentos significativos desde 2010. Los grupos con contenidos más altos de ácidos grasos trans eran derivados lácteos, con posible origen natural. Conclusiones: El contenido de ácidos grasos trans en España es bajo y se ha reducido significativamente desde 2010 (AU)

Trans-fatty acid content of food products in Spain in 2015.

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the content of trans-fatty acids (TFA) in food products in Spain in 2015 and assess trends in TFA content since 2010. METHODS: We analysed the fat content of 277 food products purchased in Spanish supermarkets in 2015 and calculated both the total fat and TFA content and the proportion of TFA to total fats. The results obtained in 2015 were compared to those yielded by a similar study in 2010. RESULTS: In 2015, the majority of food products studied had a TFA content of less than 0.2g/100g product, and a TFA/total fat ratio of less than 2%. No significant increases were found compared to 2010. Food groups with a higher TFA content were dairy products of possible natural origin. CONCLUSIONS: TFA content in Spain is low and has significantly fallen since 2010.

Contenido de ácidos grasos trans en los alimentos en España / Content of trans fatty acids in food products in Spain

Introducción: los ácidos grasos trans están asociados con problemas de salud, como enfermedad coronaria o diabetes. Objetivos: conocer la cantidad de ácidos grasos trans en los alimentos en España, y el porcentaje que representan con respecto al total de los ácidos grasos. Métodos: se estudió el contenido en ácidos grasos de 443 alimentos adquiridos en España en el año 2010, y clasificados en grupos. Determinación analítica de grasas en los productos mediante cromatografía de gases. Se calcularon estimadores de tendencia central y dispersión de la cantidad de ácidos grasos trans en cada grupo (g de ácidos grasos trans/100 g de producto). Se calculó el porcentaje de ácidos grasos trans con respecto a la grasa total en cada grupo. Resultados: los productos se agruparon en 42 grupos. En todos, salvo uno, la mediana de ácidos grasos trans fue inferior a 0,55 g/100 g de producto. El 83 % de los grupos tienen menos del 2 % de ácidos grasos trans con respecto a las grasas totales, y el 71 %, menos del 1 %. Discusión: el contenido de AGT en los alimentos en España es bajo y no representa actualmente un problema de salud pública (AU)

Background: trans fatty acids are associated to several health disorders, as ischemic heart disease or diabetes mellitus. Objectives: to assess the content of trans fatty acids in products in Spain, and the percentage of trans fatty acids respecting total fatty acids. Methods: 443 food products were acquired in Spain, and they were classified into groups. The content in fatty acids was analyzed using gas chromatography. Estimates of central tendency and variability of the content of trans fatty acids in each food group were computed (in g of trans fatty acids/100 g of product). The percentage of trans fatty acids respecting total fatty acids was calculated in each group. Results: 443 products were grouped into 42 groups. Median of trans fatty acids was less than 0.55 g / 100 g of product in all groups except one. 83 % of groups had less than 2 % of trans fatty acids, and 71 % of groups had less than 1 %. Discussion: the content of trans fatty acids in Spain is low, and it currently doesn’t play a public health problem (AU)

[CONTENT OF TRANS FATTY ACIDS IN FOOD PRODUCTS IN SPAIN]. / CONTENIDO DE ÁCIDOS GRASOS TRANS EN LOS ALIMENTOS EN ESPAÑA.

BACKGROUND: trans fatty acids are associated to several health disorders, as ischemic heart disease or diabetes mellitus. OBJECTIVES: to assess the content of trans fatty acids in products in Spain, and the percentage of trans fatty acids respecting total fatty acids. METHODS: 443 food products were acquired in Spain, and they were classified into groups. The content in fatty acids was analyzed using gas chromatography. Estimates of central tendency and variability of the content of trans fatty acids in each food group were computed (in g of trans fatty acids/100 g of product). The percentage of trans fatty acids respecting total fatty acids was calculated in each group. RESULTS: 443 products were grouped into 42 groups. Median of trans fatty acids was less than 0.55 g / 100 g of product in all groups except one. 83 % of groups had less than 2 % of trans fatty acids, and 71 % of groups had less than 1 %. DISCUSSION: the content of trans fatty acids in Spain is low, and it currently doesn't play a public health problem.

Introducción: los ácidos grasos trans están asociados con problemas de salud, como enfermedad coronaria o diabetes. Objetivos: conocer la cantidad de ácidos grasos trans en los alimentos en España, y el porcentaje que representan con respecto al total de los ácidos grasos. Métodos: se estudió el contenido en ácidos grasos de 443 alimentos adquiridos en España en el año 2010, y clasificados en grupos. Determinación analítica de grasas en los productos mediante cromatografía de gases. Se calcularon estimadores de tendencia central y dispersión de la cantidad de ácidos grasos trans en cada grupo (g de ácidos grasos trans/100 g de producto). Se calculó el porcentaje de ácidos grasos trans con respecto a la grasa total en cada grupo. Resultados: los productos se agruparon en 42 grupos. En todos, salvo uno, la mediana de ácidos grasos trans fue inferior a 0,55 g/100 g de producto. El 83 % de los grupos tienen menos del 2 % de ácidos grasos trans con respecto a las grasas totales, y el 71 %, menos del 1 %. Discusión: el contenido de AGT en los alimentos en España es bajo y no representa actualmente un problema de salud pública.

Exceso de sal y salud. Consumo y fuentes alimentarias de sal en España / Health and excess of salt. Salt intake and food sources in Spain

Las enfermedades no transmisibles producen una gran mortalidad y morbilidad. La hipertensión arterial es el principal factor de riesgo de carga de enfermedad, por su asociación con los ictus y la enfermedad coronaria. El consumo excesivo de sal está relacionado con el aumento de la tensión arterial. Una reducción en el consumo de sal de la población se traduciría en una disminución de la hipertensión, y de la mortalidad morbilidad por enfermedades cardiovasculares y cerebrovascular. La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) recomienda un consumo máximo diario en adultos de 5 g. En España se estima que el consumo medio diario es de 9,8 g. La mayoría de la sal ingerida se halla en los alimentos procesados. El Plan de reducción de consumo de sal en España fue puesto en marcha por la Agencia Española de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición (AESAN) en 2008, en el seno de la Estrategia NAOS. Sus principales ejes de trabajo son las campañas de información y educación, la reformulación del contenido de los alimentos, y la evaluación. Aunque ya se han obtenido logros en la reducción del contenido de sal en los alimentos es necesario continuar con las actividades de reformulación y concienciación (AU)

Non-communicable diseases (NCD) cause great morbidity and mortality all over the world. High blood pressure is the main risk factor that causes burden of disease, due to its association with stroke and ischemic heart disease. The excessive intake of salt is associated to high blood pressure. A reduction in salt consumption should drive to a reduction in blood pressure, and in cardiovascular diseases mortality and morbidity. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a maximum intake of salt of 9.8 g per person and day. The majority of consumed salt proceeds from processed food. The Plan of reduction of salt consumption in Spain was launched in 2008 by the Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition, within NAOS Strategy. Its main work lines are the awareness and education campaigns, the reformulation of content of salt in food products, and evaluation. Although several goals have been already achieved in the reduction of salt in food products, it is necessary to maintain activities of reformulation and education (AU)

Alcohol: tercer factor de riesgo en países desarrollados / Alcohol, third risk factor in the developed countries

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